Obtaining a better understanding of the reservoir fundamental parameters and the important factors that influence secondary recovery is the first part of this course. With a clear focus on developing the reservoir aiming at maximizing oil recovery and minimizing operating cost, water flooding, as a prime secondary recovery method, is examined thoroughly. Selecting specific criteria for implementing water flooding at different for different reservoirs and subsurface conditions will be presented. Key elements required for calculating recovery factor, mobilization, displacement & sweep efficiencies, fractional flow analysis, and heterogeneity & gravity segregation interaction and their influence on displacement/recovery are fully covered.
This course provides a profound knowledge of water flooding technology with emphasis on applications in both green and brown oil fields. This course goes beyond fundamentals and principles to reach out to very serious issues concerning increasing recovery from oil fields with minimum operating cost. Design, application, and challenges will be entertained during the course. Case studies will be used as a venue for the latest technology applications in different regions of the globe.
Specialists in reservoir engineering, secondary recovery, EOR, and IOR.
Day 1
Introduction to Multiphase Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Main Differences between Single Phase and Multiphase
Model for Describing Multiphase Flow in Porous Media
Miscible / Immiscible Flow in Porous Media
Wettability
Surface Kinetics
Wetting and Non-Wetting Phases
Young’s Equation
Rock Wettability
Factors that Influence Wettability
Drainage and Imbibition Processes
Lab Measurement of Wettability
Surface/Interfacial Tension
Capillary Pressure
Capillary Pressure Curves
Factors Influence Capillary Pressure
Lab Measurement of Capillary Pressure
Lab Measurement of IFT
Converting IFT Lab data to Reservoir Data
Height above FWL and Capillary Pressure Relationship
Transition Zone, Capillary Pressure, Permeability, and Saturation Profiles of the Wetting and Non-Wetting Phases Interrelations
Day 2
Relative Permeability
Definition of Relative Permeability
Factors that Influence Relative Permeability
Relative Permeability Curves
Lab Determination of Relative Permeability
Relative Permeability Relationships
CCA/SCA Versus Reservoir Characterization
Examples of relationships between relative permeability and other rock characteristics
Characterization techniques for differentiating rock types and assigning results to those rock types
Validation of CCA/SCA Data
What to Look for during Review of SCA Reports
A Systematic Approach to Data Validation
Review Checklists
Day 3
Residual Oil Saturation (ROS) Issue
Ambiguity and Alternative Definitions
Difficulties in Determining Issues
Estimating Relative Permeability Data
Effect of Wettability
Capillary Number
Interrelation between Viscous Forces and IFT Forces
Critical Capillary Number for Water-Wet and Oil-Wet Reservoirs and Its Effect on Mobility of ROS
Mobility Ratio Implications
Saturation Functions
Johnson Saturation Function
Cuddy et al. Saturation Function
Skelt-Harrison Saturation Function
Fractional Flow
Optimization of the S-Shape Curve
What to Learn from the S-Shape Profile
Optimization of Waterflooding by ASP
Process Description
Role Experimental Study
Field Applications
Case Studies
Day 4
Waterflooding Applications
Microscopic Efficiency
Microscopic Displacement
Areal Sweep Efficiency
Vertical Sweep Efficiency
Global Sweep Efficiency
Bukley-Leverett Frontal Advance Theory
Sources and Treatment of Injected Water
Well Injectivity
Waterflooding Implementation
Role of Geology and Reservoir Heterogeneity on Waterflood Design
Day 5
Chemical Modified Waterflooding Envelop
Ionic Exchange Concept
LoSal/HiSal
Effect of Temperature
Effect of Salinity
